Dear David, Cyndi Glass wrote these reasons for central time in a letter to the editor at the Vincennes-Sun Commercial about two weeks ago. I couldn't have said it better myself.
1. Based on Greenwich Mean Time (the base for the worldwide time zone system), Indiana lies well within what should be the Central Time Zone. The geographic division is actually 100 miles EAST of the Indiana/Ohio state line.
2. If we choose Central Time, the sun would rise at 7am in the winter, not 8am.
3. Being directly south of Chicago, we should be on their time zone not New Yorks time zone (they are 1000 miles east of us!). The same with Nashville which is on year round Central Time. We would drive east to reach it and turn our clocks back an hour as if we were going west. Does that make sense?? NO!!
4. If we choose Central Time we will be on the same time as Evansville and Illinois right across the river from us.
5. In Central Time TV prime time ends at 10pm not 11pm. Late night talk shows are on at a reasonable hour. Currently we have this from April to October, but it will go away if Knox County chooses Eastern Time.
6. If we choose Central Time, children won't have to walk to their bus stops in the dark anymore. Teenagers won't have to drive to school in the dark anymore.
7. If we choose Central Time, Fourth of July fireworks will continue to start at a reasonable hour of 9pm, not 10pm., which it will be if we choose Eastern Time. My letter to the editor congratulates Cyndi Glass on her letter to the editor and congratulates State Rep. Troy Woodruff on having the guts in casting the right vote for Central Time.
Thanks. Gene Rinderle, Wheatland, Indiana
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TIME MATTERS
During the 2004 campaign for governor, I was intrigued by Candidate Mitch Daniels wanting to unite the state into one time zone. He inferred the way to accomplish this was for the entire state to observe Central Time. To my knowledge, this is the first and only time that a candidate for a state-wide office had campaigned on this issue. Maybe at last the voice of the people would be heard on this matter that affects everyone in the state.
After Governor Daniels was elected, I fully expected a lively debate in the General Assembly on the relative merits of each zone and what their implications for the state are. I was surprised and disappointed that the debate degenerated into one about Daylight Time. This was definitely putting the cart before the horse. The zone should have been established first. I assumed if Central Time won we would observe Daylight Time when the rest of the nation did and if Eastern won no reasonable person would try to impose double fast-time on the people. I under estimated how unreasonable some people are. Many of the legislators must have been ambushed by this turn of events. While in session they didn’t have time to canvass their districts and they were being asked to vote on a measure of which they had no way of knowing if the vote was for or against Eastern Daylight or Central Daylight.
To get the measure passed, Governor Daniels agreed to petition the U.S. Department of Transportation to conduct public hearing on the zone issue. It became apparent doing the General Assembly hearings that the people who favor Central Time were ill prepared for the DOT hearings. No one put forth a good case for Eastern Standard Time. One witness was asked if their objections to Daylight Time were mostly emotional. The yes response was a bad answer to a good question. Matters of this consequence that affect everyone should be resolved by reasons not emotions alone. About this time, l decided the advantages of Central Time needed to be identified and presented at the upcoming DOT hearings. What follows is a discussion of Eastern and Central Time and how each would affect our everyday lives. But first some background to explain how we got to where we are. Please stick with me. I hope you find it informative and objective and perhaps it may offer a new perspective on this issue.
Indiana observed Central Standard Time for the years between 1883, when the railroads initiated the 4 time zones concept, and1961. This was widely popular with the people. The only disagreements were about daylight time and some in the southeastern part of the state who desired to be on Ohio time. In the late 1950s a group from various cities in Indiana petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to be included in hearings to move the Eastern/Central zone boundary further west into Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Hearings were held in early 1960. After the hearings were completed, the examiner, Thomas Pyne, announced he was going to recommend that Indiana remain on Central Standard Time. Therefore many were surprised when over a year later in July 1961, 43 of Indiana’s 92 counties were moved into the Eastern Time zone by the Interstate Commerce Commission. It was obvious that intense lobbying had taken place outside of the hearings.
This action by the ICC was historical and still unique to this day. It also may have exceeded the authority granted to the Commission by the U.S. Congress. In 1887, Congress, recognizing that the new time zone system was a political hot potato, gave the ICC power to arbitrate issues that arose especially in the boundary states. The original railroad zoning placed Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida in the Central Zone. A short time later the United States agreed to an international plan that divided the world into 24 time zones with Greenwich, England being the base line or prime meridian. This plan created a boundary line between Eastern/Central at 82.5 degrees west longitude which is a north-south line that passes though a point 30 miles east of Columbus, Ohio. This line also divided the afore mention states each into two time zones. All indications are that the ICC let the states work this out on their own by acting mainly as a facilitator. After many years and many heated debates a remarkable compromise was reached that resulted in the Eastern/Central Time Zone boundary being very close to a straight line. All of Ohio and Georgia were placed in the Eastern zone. This moved the Eastern/Central boundary west to the Ohio/Indiana and Georgia/Alabama state lines respectively. The part of Kentucky south of Ohio and the portion of Tennessee north of Georgia also became part of the Eastern zone. The portion of the Florida Panhandle south of Alabama remained in the Central zone. If this relatively straight boundary line had continued on into Michigan it would have split the state into half Eastern and half Central. Early in the 1900s Detroit along with Cleveland decided to observe Eastern Time so all the ports around Lake Erie would be on the same time. Over 99% of Michigan lies in the Central Time Zone but in order to have all of the state in the same zone Western Michigan following the lead of its largest city, Detroit, became part of the Eastern Zone.
What makes the ICC 1961 order so unusual was that it divided a non-boundary, single zone state, Indiana, into two zones. This had never happen before or has not since. Up to that time all of the zone rearranging occurred in the boundary states. Also the thrust was to unify the states- Michigan, Ohio, and Georgia - into one zone when possible. Indiana isn’t close to being a boundary state. This action is still unique to this day. The ruling was never challenged in court but it certainly would have made an interesting case.
The ICC announcement in July 1961 was met with deafening silence. It was reported on the inside pages of the evening paper. One would think a ruling this significant and historical deserved a headline. No elected official came forward to claim credit. It was as if the proponents had realized it was best to let the deed be done quietly, very quietly. Their discretion was warranted. Five years before a general referendum disclosed the voters favored Central Time over Eastern Time by a wide margin. . What this action in effect did was place Eastern Indiana on Central Daylight Time the year round. It had no immediate effect. Clocks did not need to be changed as most of Indiana was already on Central Daylight Time. Some even welcome not having to change their clocks in the fall and the following spring. Assurances were given that Indiana would never observe Eastern Daylight Time. In fact, Indiana received a special exemption from a federal law enacted in 1973 that mandated the states to go on daylight time as a conservation measure during an energy crisis.
So much for assurances. The last General Assembly passed a law that mandated Daylight Time for the state starting April 2006. It seems because we do not change our clocks we are causing confusion through out the land. We have also gained a reputation as people who do not accept change. Apparently, stability in an unstable world no longer has merit.
The question now is will it be Eastern Daylight or Central Daylight or will we remain a house divided with some counties on Eastern Daylight and some on Central Daylight.
As I was doing the research for this article, I keep searching for reasons why the proponents wanted to change to Eastern. I was surprised how few there were. Even the newspaper article that announced the change did not mention what the ICC’s rationale was for the action. One stated reason I found was that it would put Indiana in sync with the neighboring states. Another was that it would be good for the economy. It was also rumored that the broadcast industry lobbied very hard for the change. Let me very briefly address these reasons before I go on to describe the many virtues of Central Time.
Western Ohio and almost all of Michigan are west of the Eastern/Central boundary line. At some point a compromise was reached that unified each of these divided states into the Eastern Zone. The irony is the ICC ruling divided a single zone state, Indiana, into two zones so that the eastern counties could be in sync with neighboring Western Ohio which had chosen to be a unified state instead of remaining on Central time with Indiana. Confused? You are not alone.
The empirical evidence does not show that Indiana’s economy improved after the separation. Before 1961 Indiana was a boom state. People migrated to Indiana by the 10s of thousands each year for the high paying jobs available. They could earn more in a month than they could in a year at home. It was like a modern day gold rush. They went to work for companies such as Chevrolet, Chrysler, Ford, Cummins, Allisons, Delco, IBM, RCA, General Electric, Western Electric, Westinghouse, Eli Lilly, Otis Elevator, U.S. Steel, Bethlehem Steel, to name a few. It would be unfair to blame the current lower profiles of some these companies on Eastern Time. But it does mean that Central Time was not a hindrance for them to make very large investments in the state in the first place
Another indicator that the economy didn’t improve is since 1961 Indiana has lost two Congressional Seats and two Electoral Votes because of reapportionment. The burden of proof that Eastern Daylight would improve the economy falls to its advocates. Hard data would be helpful.
In 1961 the three major networks’ broadcasts were still in black and white. There were some advantages for the local stations to be on the same time as their feeds from the east as the available technology made delayed broadcasting difficult. Today with modern technology, and 24 hours news and sports on the cable and satellite systems, these reasons are no longer valid. There is some evidence that the networks are basing their live broadcasts on Central Time to attract a wider national audience. Monday Night Football which starts at 9 pm EST and 8 pm CST is the best example of this trend
Until now, the discussions have always been about Eastern Time. Scant attention has been given the many advantages of Central Time. My experience this passed winter convinced me that Eastern Time was not suited for the harsh realities of winter weather in Indiana. The background I have presented was to build the foundation for restoring Indiana to its rightful place in the Central Standard Time Zone. For the remainder of this discussion both Eastern and Central will carry with it a Daylight component because of the recently enacted law. My position is Indiana should observe Central Daylight (effectively what we are currently on) because 4+ am sunrises in May, June, and July with Central Standard makes no more sense than 8+ am sunrises in October, November, December, January, and March makes if we were on Eastern Daylight.
The stated reason for this law was to end the confusion created by Indiana not changing its clocks twice a year. The legislators were asked to vote on the measure not knowing if they were voting for Eastern Daylight or Central Daylight. They would have to wait until the U.S. Department of Transportation opens the box of time to find out. The measure passed by one vote at the midnight hour for the session. The arm twisting must have been very painful.
It is my contention that the confusion is a result of the ICC’s ruling that place some counties on Eastern and some staying on Central. The boundary line between Eastern/Central was moved from the middle of Ohio to its Western border because it was better to have the boundary at the state line than at the county lines. This problem should have stayed in Ohio and not have been imposed on the people of Indiana. The confusion will remain until Indiana once again is united into a single zone. It would amount to piling on to ask our western counties to observe Eastern Daylight. If they were so ordered, I don’t think they would secede but most likely simply ignore the order. Returning Indiana to the Central Zone is the only way the state can be united. Overturning the ill advised decision that divided the state will put to bed this issue that has tormented our state since each locale after WW II made its own decisions about Daylight Time.
Ending Confusion Strong Advantage Central Standard Time Zone
There are some economical advantages inherent with Central Time that deserves consideration. Not so long ago, the center of population for the United States was located in Southwestern Indiana. With each passing decade the center has moved farther south and west but it still is in the Central Zone. Logic would say that the businesses on Central Time would be closer to the center of the national marketplace. The old economy was tilted to the east. The new global economy has a western look toward Silicon Valley and the Pacific Rim.
Central Indiana is making a very large investment to gain more convention business. One of the selling points is Indianapolis’s central location. It would be great to offer the attendees a central time also. Time differentials between zones are less with Central than with Eastern. New York is one hour ahead of Chicago, two hours ahead of Denver, and three hours ahead of Los Angeles. Chicago is one hour behind New York, one hour ahead of Denver, and only two hours ahead of Los Angeles. With Central the widest difference is two hours, while Eastern is three hours ahead of the Pacific Zone. The more we align our state with the East the wider we separate ourselves from the remaining 75% of the nation.
Economy               Advantage Central Standard Time
It is fitting that the U.S. Department of Transportation will conduct the hearings to decide this time issue. Indiana’s slogan is “The Crossroads of America”. Almost all of the transcontinental traffic that moves on wheels north of the Mason/Dixon Line passes through Indiana. With the completion of I-69 the slogan could be changed to “Crossroads of the North American Continent”
A unified time for Indiana would take the guesswork out of transportation schedules. A trucker making a 10 am pick up would not have to guess which time zone the dock was in. Travelers along the major east-west interstates, I-64, I-70, I-80, and I-90 would not have to change time while in Indiana. If Indiana was on Central Time, I-65 would be in one zone for its entire length of 890 miles from the shores of Lake Michigan near Gary to Mobile, Alabama and The Gulf of Mexico with the exception of a short distance in the Louisville, Kentucky area. I-74 would also be in one zone for 380 miles of its 400 mile length. Upon its completion, I-69 would be in the Central Zone from the Texas/Mexico border to the Indiana/Michigan state line.
Much of Indiana’s farm produce is shipped by river barge down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers into the Gulf of Mexico and on to the world market. The slow pace of river traffic makes time zones less important but the entire trip from an Indiana port would be in the Central Zone. Most of the rail traffic in the state is freight. Railroad officials in the past have indicated they preferred Indiana to be a single zone state. The busiest airport in the world, Chicago’s O’Hare, is only 35 highway miles from Indiana. Wouldn’t it be beneficial for the flying public if Indiana’s airports were on the same time as O’Hare? A person could still leave Indianapolis International at 8 am and attend a noon time business luncheon in either New York or Los Angeles.
Transportation                  Very Strong Advantage Central Standard Time. It was a very dark and very rainy cold morning this past January. I had to trust the tail lights in front of me for guidance as I drove down a busy two-lane street on the eastside of Indianapolis. . The already poor visibility was made worse by the headlights of the oncoming traffic reflecting off the wet street. I was surprised by the number of people walking along the edge of the road. This thoroughfare, as most in suburban Indianapolis, does not have sidewalks. I couldn’t see the pedestrians until I was very close as they materialized out of the darkness. Evidently they were walking to work or to a city bus stop. It was a little before seven. Sunrise to relieve the darkness was still over an hour away.
On this particular January day school had not yet resumed from the Christmas break. A few days later there would have been kids waiting by this roadside for a school bus. School busing starts early in the Indianapolis area in order to bring the students in by waves. This raises serious safety and educational issues that are affected by the late sunrise. I checked the internet for sunrise times for this date in three cities. Indianapolis sunrise was 8:06 EST, New York City at 7:20 EST, and Chicago at 7:19 CST.
Little can be done about the cold and the rain but something can and should be done about the darkness and poor visibility. School buses start their first run about 6:30 am. The students are exposed to the elements as they walk to the stops to wait for their bus. Many places the students must wait at the edge of the street because sidewalks are snow covered or non-existent. It is easy in the summer to forget how harsh and hazardous the winter weather can be. In fact most of us want to forget the freezing rain, sleet, snow, and sub-zero wind chills. During December and January the sun arrives after 8 am EST in Indiana. The darkness makes the conditions much more dangerous. If a kid had darted in front of me that morning I would not have seen him in time to avoid hitting him. This serious issue can not be overstated and should not be cavalierly brushed aside. Sunrise would occur after 8 o’clock in October, November, December, January, and March with Eastern Daylight. In fact, some of the students would catch the bus in the dark for almost all of the school year. A law should be considered that school buses could only pick up students after sunrise. Schools would have to adjust their schedules accordingly. This adjustment would be much easier to make on Central Time than Eastern Time.
It is not only school kids that brave these conditions. The morning rush period starts about 6:30 and reaches its peak around 7:30 and begins to taper off by 8:30. The majority of the morning commuters are at work by 8 am. This means that most make the trip in the dark which hides many of the winter’s hazards such as icy overpasses and spotty slick places on the streets. The winter darkness also makes walking on driveways, sidewalks, parking lots, and steps much more treacherous. Switching to Central Time to gain an extra hour of daylight in the morning would not shift the problems to the evening rush. On most days the conditions are much improved in the afternoon. The daytime temperatures average 20 degrees warmer than at night which aids ice melting chemicals and on some days the sun shows it is still the world’s best snow remover. Also the road crews have had more time to clear the thoroughfares and daytime traffic has beaten paths on the less traveled streets.
Public Safety             Very Strong Advantage Central Time Zone
Everyone wants to improve education. Returning Indiana to Central Time would be one of the most effective and certainly the least expensive way to make a significant change. Let me explain. It takes a highly motivated student to wait for a bus in the dark during bad weather such as the January morning I described. When this student arrives at school he will most likely be wet, cold, sleepy and hungry. He is definitely not in a condition that is conducive for learning. The average student might be inclined to have mom call him in sick on such a morning. Too many of these calls and the student falls so far behind he becomes a dropout candidate. An extra hour of sleep that Central Time affords may cure much of this morning sickness and even allow time to have breakfast. Arriving at school in daylight should raise the spirits of both teacher and student. The improvements in attendance and test scores and a lower dropout rate should be measurable.
Education            Very Strong Advantage Central Time Zone
Daylight Time started in Europe during World War 1 as an energy conservation measure. The theory being that with a later sunset people would use less electricity for lighting. No one knows if it saved energy or not. At the end of the war all the countries reverted to Standard Time. Lighting consumes a much smaller share of energy today. Refrigerators, clothes dryers, television, air conditioners, and many other modern wonders consume the lion’s share of electricity. Earlier sunrises and sunsets have the potential to be a better way to save energy. In the winter, people clear their car windows from frost, snow and ice by scrapping or by running the engine so the defrosters can do the job. On some days,
another hour of morning sunshine might clear the windows without using any gasoline. Many parents that have the option available take the kids to the bus stop so they can wait in the warm car on bad mornings. Others drive the kids all the way to school especially if they miss the bus. Earlier sunsets means the air conditioners shut down sooner. Earlier sunsets are also a blessing during heat waves for people without central air. It allows them an extra hour to cool their bedrooms.
Energy Conservation        Some Stretching But Advantage Central Time
The Indianapolis Colts with their exciting offense have earned three games on Monday Night Football this upcoming season. They play the Rams 8 pm Oct. 17th at the RCA Dome; the Patriots 9 pm Nov. 7th at Foxboro; and the Steelers 9 pm Nov. 28th at Indianapolis. ABC schedules all the Monday games at 9 pm Eastern Time to attract a national audience. They know the viewers in the Eastern Zone that leave at halftime are replaced by viewers in the Mountain and Pacific Zones. If we were on Central Time all the games would start at 8 pm local time which would allow more of us to see the second halves that begin close to 10 pm Central and 11 pm Eastern. The fans attending the game against the Steelers that starts at 9 pm will not get to bed before 1:30 am. I wonder how many will make it to work and school the next day?
ABC telecasted the recent NBA finals between the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs. Both the Pistons and Spurs home games started at 9 pm EDT. The Spurs fans had the advantage of 8 pm starts because San Antonio is on Central Daylight Time. Next year when the Pacers are in the finals let us hope the games start at 8 pm local time. When the Pacers road games are in the West, they start very late because of the 3 hour time differential. Most of these games are not televised locally and finish too late for the results to make the morning paper. This is also true of college basketball and major league baseball games. If we were in the Central Standard Time Zone, the differential would only be 2 hours which changes everything.
In the same vein, it occurred to me while watching the 4th of July fireworks that started at 9 pm if we were on Eastern Daylight the start would have been at 10 pm.
Sport Fan Friendly        Very Strong Advantage Central Standard Time Zone
As it stands now, we will advance our clocks one hour on the first Sunday in April (2nd Sunday in March?). For our stupidity we will be punished by having to get up an hour earlier. But we get to move our clocks back one hour the last Sunday in October (1st Sunday in November?). We also get to enjoy the 8+ am sunrises in October, December, and January (add November and March – new law). The poor people in Chicago and New York have to get up at 7 am to see a sunrise. Some of them may never experience the thrills and challenges of driving to work on dark winter mornings.
If we did revert to our natural place in the Central Standard Time Zone, the change would be less exciting. In April, our clocks would stay the same because effectively we are already on Central Daylight Time. But nothing is perfect. The clocks will have to be set back in November. But we will be rewarded by getting up an hour later. Some may miss the 8 am sunrises and find the drive to work dull.
Ease of Change             Strong Advantage Central Standard Time Zone
As I was writing this article, I became concerned that it was too easy to make the case for the Central Zone. Surely I must be missing some advantage of the Eastern Zone. The only ones I could think of was that some companies that only dealt with the East or someone that commuted across the state line might benefit. Other than this it must be a matter of personal preference. If anyone can think of any more I would be happy to listen if they have proof. Don’t say it’s good for the economy or it conserves energy because history and the facts don’t support this position.
If the reasons for changing the time zones was to be on the same time as Ohio and improve the economy it was a dismal failure. All of Ohio eventually started to observe Eastern Daylight shortly after the change. There is no evidence that the economy improved after the change. In fact there are indications to the contrary.
As I was putting the finishing touches to this presentation, word came of the Secretary’s of Transportation non-decision. The voice of the people will not be heard. Indiana will remain a house divided.
After taking a long walk to cool down, I decided the issue was too important to just let it drop. The arguments that I have made here could be used to repeal the Eastern Daylight law.
In the meantime, please indulge me while I vent my frustrations. My side’s media image has improved since 1960. Back then the advocates of Central Time were portrayed as reactionary farmers or Neanderthals that couldn’t tell time even if they owned a clock. Today we are only very emotional. The proponents of Eastern Time were characterized as modern day Moses leading Indiana to a new and better future. They were the most progressive people since John Locke. Maybe we are too innocent for our own good. We certainly have been out maneuvered on at least three occasions. In our innocence we took the 1960 hearings at face value while they continued the fight behind closed doors. Last year they switched the agenda from Zones to Daylight Time and we naively believed that we would be provided hearings to present our case.
The people of Indiana have not been treated fairly. It is the only state in the union that has been chopped up like this and it has been done by fiat. The problem should have remained at the state line and not separated Indiana county by county. Governor Daniels implied one thing and did another. The people have been given little choice in this matter. It may have been worthwhile if there were proof that the separation benefited Indiana. I have found no evidence that it did. The irony is the counties that wish to be in their natural zone, Central, have to petition the Department of Transportation while the ones that originally imposed the problem on the state get a free ride.
Indiana observing Eastern Daylight is much more extreme and divisive than the original moving of the zone was. Currently, all the state is on the same time between April and October. Unless the law is repealed, October 28th will be the last day the state is unified. Sunrises will always be before 8 am for those remaining in the Central Zone (just like Chicago and New York). Eastern Time gave as 8+ am sunrises in December and January. On Eastern Daylight, 8+ am sunrises will occur in October, November, December, January, and March. I am sure attendance at school and work will get worse. Test scores will fall and the dropout and accident rates will increase and we sport fans may never get to watch the second half of Monday Night Football.
Jim Burdsall,  Indianapolis, In 46226
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Hi David
I been meaning to write you in case you haven't heard. Cass county residents favor central time zone. Local residents attending the public hearing favored central time zone 45 to 7 against.
Just wanted to keep you posted. I would like to just see ALL the questioned counties in central.
Thanks for the info and web site.
J. Johnston, Twelve Mile, Indiana
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CTZ testimonial

Indiana has been on Central Daylight Savings Time during the summer for many years, and it's very important to me to keep the summer daylight hours I'm used to and enjoy. In fact, I can't imagine trading my early morning light hours for late night light hours. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

As an Indiana resident for more than half a century, I believe that a change to Eastern Time year round would have a negative affect, not only on my life style, but my health as well. Am I expected to eat breakfast in the dark year round? I support Indiana's move into the Central Time Zone so that I won't have to eat breakfast in the dark during the winter either. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

With the hours I work, being on Eastern Time means that during the winter I only see light on weekends, thus affecting my health. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

When I leave for work during the winter, I am dismayed to see small children waiting for the bus in the dark. If Indiana isn't changed to Central Time, this dark waiting for the bus will stretch out over more months. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

With close ties to Chicago, in order to watch the 10:00 p.m. news, I have to stay up until 11:30 p.m., again affecting my health with less sleep. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

Since northwest Indiana will not be affected by the United States Department of Transportation Hearings, my northwest Indiana shopping needs will also be affected year round. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

When flying into or out of O’Hare or Midway airports, connections with bus service is often difficult due to the time difference. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

I disagree with the emphasis that has been placed on being on the same time as Michigan or Ohio. It is more important to me to have Indiana all on the same time. Even when we are traveling in southern Indiana, we are sometimes affected by a time difference. Indiana needs to move into the Central Time Zone.

I support Indiana's move into the Central Time Zone - the Right Time Zone for Indiana Hoosiers!
Marianne
Granger, Indiana